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Written by Karan Deep Singh
In late November, an pressing e-mail popped up within the inbox of Hindustan Syringes & Medical Devices, one of many world’s largest syringe makers.
It was from UNICEF, the United Nations company for kids, and it was desperately looking for syringes. Not simply any would do. These syringes should be smaller than common. They needed to break if used a second time, to forestall spreading illness by way of unintentional recycling.
Most vital, UNICEF wanted them in huge portions. Now.
“I thought, ‘No issues,’” mentioned Rajiv Nath, the corporate’s managing director, who has sunk tens of millions of {dollars} into getting ready his syringe factories for the vaccination onslaught. “We could deliver it possibly faster than anybody else.”
As international locations jostle to safe sufficient vaccine doses to place an finish to the COVID-19 outbreak, a second scramble is unfolding for syringes. Vaccines aren’t all that helpful if well being care professionals lack a solution to inject them into folks.
Rajiv Nath, managing director of Hindustan Syringes & Medical Devices, on the firm’s manufacturing facility in Ballabgarh. (Rebecca Conway/The New York Times)
Officials within the United States and the European Union have mentioned they don’t have sufficient vaccine syringes. In January, Brazil restricted exports of syringes and needles when its vaccination effort fell quick.
Further complicating the push, the syringes must be the precise kind. Japan revealed final month that it may need to discard tens of millions of doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine if it couldn’t safe sufficient particular syringes that might draw out a sixth dose from its vials. In January, the Food and Drug Administration suggested well being care suppliers within the United States that they may extract extra doses from the Pfizer vials after hospitals there found that some contained sufficient for a sixth — or perhaps a seventh — particular person.
“A lot of countries were caught flat-footed,” mentioned Ingrid Katz, the affiliate director of the Harvard Global Health Institute. “It seems like a fundamental irony that countries around the world have not been fully prepared to get these types of syringes.”
The world wants between 8 billion and 10 billion syringes for COVID-19 vaccinations alone, consultants say. In earlier years, solely 5% to 10% of the estimated 16 billion syringes used worldwide had been meant for vaccination and immunization, mentioned Prashant Yadav, a senior fellow on the Center for Global Development, a suppose tank in Washington, and an professional on well being care provide chains.
Wealthier nations just like the United States, Britain, France and Germany pumped billions of {dollars} of taxpayer cash into growing the vaccines, however little public funding has gone to develop manufacturing for syringes, Yadav mentioned.
“I worry not just about the overall syringe manufacturing capacity but capacity for the specific types of syringes,” he mentioned, “and whether syringes would already be in locations where they are needed.”
Cartons of syringes wait to be sterilized on the Hindustan Syringes & Medical Devices manufacturing facility in Ballabgarh. (Rebecca Conway/The New York Times)
Not all the world’s syringes are suited to the duty.
To maximize the output from a vial of the Pfizer vaccine, for instance, a syringe should carry a precise dose of 0.3 milliliters. The syringes additionally will need to have low lifeless area — the infinitesimal distance between the plunger and the needle after the dose is totally injected — to attenuate waste.
The trade has ramped as much as meet demand. Becton Dickinson, which relies in New Jersey and a serious syringe producer, mentioned it should spend $1.2 billion over 4 years to develop capability partially to take care of pandemics.
The United States is the world’s largest syringe provider by gross sales, in response to Fitch Solutions, a analysis agency. The United States and China are neck and neck in exports, with mixed annual shipments price $1.7 billion. While India is a small participant globally, with solely $32 million in exports in 2019, Nath of Hindustan Syringes sees a giant alternative.
Each of his syringes sells for less than three cents, however his whole funding is appreciable. He invested practically $15 million to mass-produce specialty syringes, equal to roughly one-sixth of his annual gross sales, earlier than buy orders had been even in sight. In May, he ordered new molds from suppliers in Italy, Germany and Japan to make a wide range of barrels and plungers for his syringes.
Nath added 500 employees to his manufacturing strains, which crank out greater than 5,900 syringes per minute at factories unfold over 11 acres in a dusty industrial district exterior New Delhi. With Sundays and public holidays off, the corporate churns out practically 2.5 billion a 12 months, although it plans to scale as much as 3 billion by July.

Hindustan Syringes has an extended historical past of supplying UNICEF immunization applications in a number of the poorest international locations, the place syringe reuse is frequent and one of many important sources of lethal infections, together with HIV and hepatitis.
In late December, when the World Health Organization cleared Pfizer’s vaccine for emergency use, Robert Matthews, a UNICEF contract supervisor in Copenhagen, and his group wanted to discover a producer that might produce tens of millions of syringes.
“We went, ‘Oh, dear!’” mentioned Matthews, as they appeared for a syringe that may meet WHO specs and was compact for transport. Hindustan Syringes’ product, he mentioned, was the primary.
The firm is ready to start transport 3.2 million of these syringes quickly, UNICEF mentioned, supplied they clear one other high quality test.
Nath has offered 15 million syringes to the Japanese authorities, he mentioned, and over 400 million to India for its COVID-19 inoculation drive, one of many largest on this planet. More are in line, together with UNICEF, for which he has provided to supply about 240 million extra, and Brazil, he mentioned.
Syringes sealed in blister-packs are boxed up at Hindustan Syringes & Medical Devices on the firm’s manufacturing facility in Ballabgarh. (Rebecca Conway/The New York Times)
Inside the corporate’s Plant No. 6, machines coated in yellow paint hum as they squirt out plastic barrels and plungers. Other machines, from Bergamo, Italy, assemble every part, together with needles, monitored by sensors and cameras. Workers in blue protecting fits examine trays stuffed with syringes earlier than unloading them into crates that they hand carry to a packaging space subsequent door.
To improve effectivity, Nath depends on a syringe design by Marc Koska, a British inventor of security injections, and its capacity to supply all the elements in-house. Hindustan Syringes makes its needles from stainless-steel strips imported from Japan. The strips are curled into cylinders and welded on the seam, then stretched and reduce into advantageous capillary tubes, which machines glue to plastic hubs. To make the jabs much less painful, they’re dipped in a silicone resolution.
The syringe enterprise is a “bloodsucker,” Nath mentioned, the place upfront prices are astronomical and income marginal. If demand for his syringes drops by even half within the subsequent few years, he’ll lose nearly all the $15 million he invested.
It’s clearly a frugal operation. The blue carpet in Nath’s workplace appears simply as previous as his desk or the glass chandelier by the steps, fixtures his father put in place in 1984, earlier than he handed over the corporate to Nath and his household.
A household enterprise is precisely how he likes it. No shareholders, no interference, no worries. In 1995, when Nath wanted cash to extend manufacturing and purchase a lot of new machines, he sought non-public capital for the primary time. Had that been the case as we speak, he mentioned, he wouldn’t be capable of comply with his intestine and produce his syringes at this monumental scale.

“You have a good night’s sleep,” Nath mentioned. “It’s better to be a big fish in a small pond.”